BAKGRUNN (fra kommisjonsforslaget)

Reasons for and objectives of the proposal

In accordance with Article 25a(2) of the Visa Code 1 , the Commission should regularly assess third countries’ cooperation on readmission and report to the Council at least once a year.

Based on these assessments and taking into account the steps taken by the Commission to improve the level of cooperation in the field of readmission and the Union’s overall relations with the third country concerned, the Commission may conclude that the given third country does not cooperate sufficiently, and that action is therefore needed. If this is so, the Commission, in accordance with Article 25a(5), point (a) of the Visa Code, shall submit a proposal for a Council implementing decision suspending the application of certain provisions of the Visa Code in respect of nationals of that third country. At all times, the Commission shall continue its efforts to improve cooperation with the third country concerned.

•    The case of Somalia

Somalia’s cooperation on the readmission of its nationals who are illegally staying on the territory of the EU Member States remains insufficient, as reported by Member States and substantiated by the low return rate (i.e. the number of returns enforced in comparison with the number of return decisions issued to nationals of the third country 2 , 4% in 2023) and the decreasing issuance rate (i.e. the number of travel documents issued by third countries in comparison to the number of readmission requests submitted by Member States).  

Almost all Member States face persistent challenges in establishing a meaningful dialogue and engagement with Somalia on readmission, in particular as regards forced returns.

In the framework of the continuous assessments carried out by the Commission based on data and information provided by Member States, discussions in the relevant Council Working Groups and experts groups meetings, as well as by Union institutions, bodies, offices and agencies, Member States reported a number of issues that hamper the different steps of the readmission process, including related to the identification of Somali nationals, the issuance of emergency travel documents and the organisation of return operations. Long delays in Somalia’s responses to Member States’ readmission requests, or the lack of responses, make the identification process very cumbersome, meaning it very rarely results in the issuance of travel documents or in the organisation of return operations. In 2023, a low number of return operations were attempted by Member States due to Somalia’s lack of cooperation throughout the whole process.

As a follow up to the previous assessments under Article 25a of the Visa Code, the EU sought a strengthened engagement with Somalia to address obstacles in the cooperation on readmission. The EU has repeatedly conveyed the need to improve cooperation on readmission to the relevant authorities, both orally and in writing and at political and technical levels in Brussels and in Mogadishu. This engagement, however, has not led to the necessary improvement in cooperation.

On the basis of the above, the lack of improvement, despite the steps taken so far by the EU and its Member States to improve readmission cooperation and taking into account the EU’s overall relations with Somalia, it is considered that Somalia’s cooperation with the EU on readmission is not sufficient and that action is needed.

•    The Union’s overall relations with Somalia

Somalia is an important partner for the EU in the Horn of Africa region. The EU’s integrated partnership with Somalia is framed within the EU’s Horn of Africa Strategy 3 , which is based on social and human development, trade, regional integration, peace and security. According to UNHCR, Somalia hosts 30 000 refugees and nearly 3 million internally displaced persons.

The EU has invested heavily and comprehensively in the stability of Somalia with more than EUR 3.5 billion of support for the period 2014-2022. The Government has agreed to a Joint Operational Roadmap 4  in May 2023, which lays down the priority areas and serves as the foundation for engagement between Somalia and the EU. It consists of three pillars, namely, Inclusive Politics and Democratisation, Security and Stabilisation, and Socio-Economic Growth. 

The budget support programme Somalia State and Resilience Building Contract (SRBC) has been instrumental for Somalia to reach the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) Completion Point in December 2023, by addressing the implementation of key reforms, such as improved cash management, public financial management (PFM), modernisation of customs and tax administration, and facilitating the clearance of Somalia’s arrears with the international financial institutions (IFIs).

The country enjoys duty-free and quota-free access to the European market under the Everything But Arms scheme 5 .  

The Multiannual Indicative Programme (MIP) for Somalia under the Neighbourhood, Development and International Cooperation Instrument 6 (NDICI) for the period 2021-2024 amounts to EUR 257 million and is designed to address the root causes of instability and fragility and advance the state building processes, support inclusive and sustainable economic development and mitigate the impact of natural disasters and displacement on the most vulnerable groups. 

Somalia is a member of the Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD) and is currently replacing Sudan in the Steering Committee of the Khartoum Process. On 6 June 2023, Somalia was elected as a non-permanent member of the United Nations Security Council for the period 2025-2026.  

•    The visa measures

Scope of measures

The Council Implementing Decision should temporarily suspend the application of certain provisions of the Visa Code in respect of Somali nationals. The suspension, however, should not apply to Somali family members of (mobile) EU citizens covered by Directive 2004/38/EC 7 and to Somali family members of third country nationals enjoying a right of free movement equivalent to that of Union citizens under an agreement between the Union and its Member States on the one hand and the third country concerned on the other. In the same vein, the suspension should not apply to family members of UK nationals who are Withdrawal Agreement beneficiaries, provided the family members are entitled to make a visa application under the Withdrawal Agreement for joining the beneficiary in the Withdrawal Agreement host State.

There is no Member State present or represented in Somalia for the purpose of issuing visas. Currently six Member States do not recognise any travel document issued by Somalia, and a further seven only recognise diplomatic or service passports. A visa cannot be affixed to non-recognised passports for travel to the respective Member State(s). If a Member State affixes a visa to a Somali travel document that it recognises, that visa is valid only for the territory of the Member States recognising the travel document and not for the entire Schengen area. Somali nationals holding non-recognised travel documents would therefore need to obtain travel documents issued by another country if they plan to travel to (a) non-recognising Member State(s). Non-recognising Member States may also affix a visa with limited territorial validity to a separate sheet, but this solution is rarely used in practice as visa applications based on a non-recognised travel document are usually considered inadmissible, unless there are exceptional circumstances justifying travel (e.g., humanitarian reasons).

In 2022, Somali nationals lodged 1600 visa applications and 2600 in 2023, resulting in 1000 and 1600 visas being issued in the two years, respectively.

Content of the visa measures

Somalia’s failure to cooperate sufficiently on readmission justifies the temporary suspension of all the articles referred to in point (a) of Article 25a(5) of the Visa Code: suspension of the possibility of waiving the requirements with regard to the documentary evidence to be submitted by visa applicants referred to in Article 14(6); suspension of the general 15 calendar days processing period referred to in Article 23(1) (which as a consequence also excludes the application of the rule allowing the extension of this period up to a maximum of 45 days only in individual cases, hence 45 days becomes the standard processing period); suspension of the issuing of multiple entry visas (MEVs) in accordance with Article 24(2) and (2c); and, suspension of the optional visa fee waiver for holders of diplomatic and service passports in accordance with point (b) of Article 16(5).

Period of application of the visa measures

The Visa Code provides that the visa measures shall apply temporarily but there is no obligation to indicate a specific period of application of those measures in the implementing decision. However, in accordance with Article 25a(6) of the Visa Code, the Commission should continuously assess progress in readmission cooperation on the basis of the indicators set out in Article 25a(2) of the Visa Code, including in the assistance provided for the identification of persons illegally staying on the territory of the Member States, the timely issuance of travel documents and the organisation of return operations. The Commission will report whether substantial and sustained improvement in the cooperation with the third country concerned on readmission can be established and, taking also account of the Union's overall relations with that third country, may submit a proposal to the Council to repeal or amend the implementing decision. If by contrast, the visa measures in accordance with the implementing decision have proven ineffective, it should be considered to trigger the second stage of the mechanism, as provided for by Article 25a(5), point (b) of the Visa Code.

Pursuant to Article 25a(7) of the Visa Code, the Commission will - at the latest six months after the entry into force of the implementing decision - report to the European Parliament and to the Council on the progress achieved in the given third country’s cooperation on readmission.

•Consistency with existing policy provisions in the policy area

The proposed decision is consistent with the Visa Code setting the harmonised rules of the common visa policy governing the procedures and conditions for issuing visas for intended stays on the territory of the Member States not exceeding 90 days in any 180-day period.

•Consistency with other Union policies

The EU promotes a comprehensive approach on migration and forced displacement, based on shared values and responsibilities, ensuring respect of all fundamental rights and obligations in line with the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights. One of the pillars of the Pact on Migration and Asylum adopted in May 2024, offering a comprehensive approach that aims at strengthening and integrating key EU policies on migration, asylum, border management and integration, is embedding migration in international partnerships to prevent irregular departures, fight migrant smuggling, cooperate on readmission and promote legal pathways.

The cooperation between Member States and third countries on the readmission of illegally staying third country nationals is an important element of this policy. To reinforce such comprehensive partnerships and ensure full cooperation from third countries, the European Council has called for the EU to mobilise all available tools, including development co-operation, trade, or visa measures 8 .